3.1 Aquatic Resources

Fisheries in South Sulawesi consist of marine and fresh components. The marine varieties captured in this area are generally in water in excess of 200 meters depth. Along the west coast of South Sulawesi, the continental shelf is extremely narrow except in the west and south off Unjungpandang, where extensive coral formation and other relatively shallow waters are located in parts of Bone Bay and around the islands at the southern extremity of South Sulawesi. Despite the limited extent of shallow waters which usually is associated with productive fishing grounds, production on this costal area was 262,831 in 1997.
 

Of the 18 regencies which yield marine fisheries, it is very obvious that marine fisheries are distributed almost evenly. There are five regencies that produce marine fisheries of more than 20,000 tons. They are Luwu ( 28,535 tons), Takalar ( 25,059 tons), Bone (24,905 tons), Sinjai (21,974 tons), and Polmas (21,726 tons). Regencies that crop 10 to 15 tons are Pinrang, Mamuju, Maros, Pangkep, Jeneponto, Majene, Ujung Pandang, and Barru. Other regencies produce 10,000 tons or less.
 
 

Marine Fisheries

The marine resources exploited are:

• Small pelagic: Indo-Pacific mackerel, Scads, Indian Oil Sardinella, Fringerscale Sardinella, Anchovies, Spotted Spanish Mackerel, Flying Fish
• Large pelagic: Ecosterm little tuna, Skip-jack tuna, bigeye tuna, blue-fin tuna
• Demersal: red snappers, goat fishes, thread fin breams, sharp-toothed bass, groupers,
• Mollusks and sea cucumber: common squids, cuttle fishes, and sea cucumber
• Prawn: Banana prawn, common shrimps
• Seaweed: Euchema, gracillaria, and glidium

 

Freshwater fish production is coming from general water (lake, river, and brakish) and from fish cultivation (plus salt water and rice field ponds). General waters can be found in 11 regencies and fish cultivation can be found in almost all of the 23 regencies/municipalities.
 

Freshwater fisheries production is coming from general waters in 1997. Most of them are from Wajo (12,120 tins), Soppeng (3,390 tons), Sidrap (1,799 tons), while other regencies are below one ton.
 

Fish cultivation is mostly found in Pinrang (16,642 tons), Maroc (14,264 tons), and Pangkep (8,571 tons). While other regencies, including Enrekang and Pare-Pare, produced fish cultivation below 8,000 tons. There are approximately 96,357 fish farmers engaged in the cultivating process.
 

3.2 Marketing System
 

3.2.1 Local Market

The marketing system for fish handled through private merchants (ponggawa) have become well established over a period of many years. Most of the fish is sold by private contract.
 

Private merchants usually own the fishing vessels or may have a tied agreement with fishermen whereby the merchant (collector) provides financial and other assistance in return for purchasing right to the catch.
 

The marketing system is fairly complex with fish sometimes changing ownership several times as it passes between collectors, consignors, dealers, wholesalers, grocers, retailers.
 
 
 

Papalele Grocers/

Perantara
 

Wholesaler

Grocers (Pabololang)

Retailer
 

Grocers are a common feature of fish marketing in Indonesia and perform the function of middlemen (ponggawa) who buy fish from grocers or wholesalers for sale to retailers at a single retail market. There may be several grocers operating in the larger retail markets and grocers may also be operating as retailers.
 

3.2.2 Intersulair

The distribution of fresh fish in Indonesia is generally inhibited by the geographic spread of archipelago and the location of the major fish production areas in relation to the concentrations of population. Usually these fresh fish, salted, boiled and dried, are sold to Java and East Timor.
 

3.2.3 Export

Most fish exported from south Sulawesi to Europe, United States, Japan, Singapore, Hong King, Taiwan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Thailand, France, Spain, Denmark, Holland, United Kingdom, Germany and Belgiu.
 

Commodities exported are frozen tiger prawns, frozen squid, frozen groupers, frozen skipjack, sea cucumber, finfish shark, seaweed, snappers.
 

3.3 Terrestrial Resources
 

3.3.1 Agricultural Crops

The agricultural plants cultivated in South Sulawesi are rice, corn, cassava, sweet potato plant, peanut, soybean, and green peas. Production and productivity of these plants fluctuate and are varied as shown in table 5.
 
 

Source: Department of Agriculture Plants
 

Table 5 shows that rice production in South Sulawesi in 1997 reached 3,728,336 tons. This figure indicates the slope of 279,891 tons or 6.98% when compared to dry rice production in 1996 which was 4,008,227 tons. The largest producer of dried rice is Luwu regency, with a total production of 547,469 tons or 14.68% of the total production of rice in South Sulawesi. The second largest producers are Bone and Wajo regencies with total production of 535,119 tons (14.36%) in Bone and 400,459 tons (10.74%) in Wajo. The lowest production was in Pare-Pare (3,110 tons,0.8%) and Selayar (3,387 tons, .09%).
 

There was a decrease of 6.52% in rice production in 1997. This was caused by the decrease of the harvest area from 841,006 ha in 1996 to 786,213 ha in 1997 (6.7%). An elongated dry season in 1997 also caused a decrease in productivity (outcome per hectare) of 0 .5% .
 
 

Dry field production in South Sulawesi in 1997 amounted to 41,114 tons or 1.09% of the total rice production in South Sulawesi. When compared to the total production in 1996 which was 43,451 tons, there was a decrease in production in 1997. The decrease amounted to 2,837 tons or 6.45%. This was caused by the reduction in productivity from 23.14 quintal hectares in 1996 to 22.50 quintal hectares in 1997 (2.77%) and by an elongated dry season and the attack of plant diseases.
 

Corn production in south Sulawesi in 1997 reached 872,070 tons of dried corn. When compared to the 1996 production figure of 842,332 tons, there was an increase of 29,738 tons or 13.53%. This increase was caused by the rise in production amounting to 9.49% (from 24.98 quintal in 1996 to 27 quintal in 1997).
 

Cassava is one of the staple foods consumed as a carbohydrate supplement along with rice and corn. In 1997, cassava production in South Sulawesi reached 625,824 tons of wet cassava. The increase of cassava production in South Sulawesi fluctuates also due to the decrease in harvest area and the elongated dry season and the attack of plant diseases.
 

Peanut production in 1997 in South Sulawesi was 41,256 tons, a decrease compared to the 1996 production figure of 62,977 tons. There was a decrease in harvest fields from 54,231 ha in 1996 to 34,914 in 1997 (35.62%). Productivity has improved by approximately 1.81%.
 

Most of this total production is contributed by the Bone regency (8,415 tons or 20.40%) and Bulukumba regency (8.406 tons or 20.38%). The remaining figures are spread over other regencies, with their combined production total of less than 9.23%.
 

The total production of soybeans in 1997 was 50,111 tons which was an increase of 2,416 tons (5.06%) compared to 1996. In 1996, the total production of this commodity was 47,695 tons. An extended harvest of 3,311 ha (9.62%) soybean fields was included, but the productivity of soybeans in 1997 was down significantly.
 

The production of beans in South Sulawesi in 1997 reached 40,885 tons. When compared to the 1996 production figure of 66,023, a decrease of 25,142 tons (38.08%) is seen. This was caused by a drastic decrease in soybean fields since 1995.
 

3.3.2 Horticulture Crops

Vegetable and Fruit Production

Other agricultural commodities cultivated in South Sulawesi are vegetables and fruits that are classified into horticultural plant groups.
 

Vegetable Production

In addition to rice and palawija crops, farmers in South Sulawesi also cultivate vegetables of all kinds in order to fulfill the peoples' need for healthy foods. However, there are only 19 kinds of potentially cultivatable vegetable plants, and they can have a quite significant quantity of production. Table 7 has listed ten kinds of vegetable plants and their size of production from 1996-1997 in tons.
 
 

From this data, you can see that the total production of vegetables in South Sulawesi in 1997 was 232,096 tons, a decrease of 163,996 tons (41.4%) from the 1996 total production of 369,092 tons. Commodities which experienced a drastic drop were cabbage (78.18%), garlic (77.21%), leek (69.36%), red peas (62.08%), and other (40%). Commodities experiencing an increase in production are carrots (54.98%), green beans (46.17%) and onions (10.54%).
 

Fruit Production

South Sulawesi peasants cultivate fruit for commercial and/or personal consumption. Table 8 introduces 19 varieties of fruit and the production figures for 1996 and 1997.
 
 

Plantation

The plantation sector is one sub-sector that contributes a great amount of reserves for our country besides oil and natural gas. Several commodities such as coffee, rubber, clove, palm oil and coca have exported commodities (in ton) from 1995-1997.
 
 

Other Plantations

In addition to the prescribed plantation sectors mentioned above, there are still other plantations cultivated by local farmers (small plantations) and estate plantations (large plantations. in South Sulawesi. These plantations produce rosella, tea, sugar-palm, siwalan, almonds, ginger and areca-palm. Table 10 shows the comparison between small plantations and large plantations.
 
 

3.3.3 Market and Retailing of Horticultural Products

There is a large potential for horticultural products, especially vegetables, in Tinggi Moncong sub district. In this area there are some kinds of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, red beans, garlic, onions, lettuce and potato, which have been marketed not only in that sub district but also in Ujung Pandang,the capital of South Sulawesi and inter-island to Kalimantan. The technical aspects of marketing is still conventional and therefore cannot maximize the income of the people.
 

Distribution is one aspect of marketing that emphasizes how products can be easily received by consumers. The distribution process can be efficient if it can get the product to the consumer at the cheapest price and distribute the proceeds fairly to all those involved in the producing and distributing system.
 

There are three vegetable distributors who have an important role in the distribution system. They are the farmer/producer, agent and consumer. The farmer is the person who has a direct relation with the process of vegetable production. The consumer is the last purchaser of the vegetable product and the agent is an entrepreneur who is the distributor of the vegetable product.

The agent who is involved directly in vegetable distribution at Kanreapia village is:
 

• Collection Trader - an institutional agent who purchases vegetables directly from the farmer/producer then distributes the product to a retailer in the public market, supermarket or a traveling trader.

 
• Retailer functions as an institution that has direct connection to the consumer. Generally, the retailer sells vegetables in less quantity than the collection trader.

 

It can be seen in Figure 5 above that vegetable distribution from farmer to consumer is indirect because there are two agents, the collection trader and the retailer. The Marketing institution (farmer and agent) have separate activities, therefore the benefit of ownership from this marketing activity is divided between farmer and agent.

Basically, the vegetable farmers at Kanreapia village have not been oriented to an agri-business system. It can be seen that the farmers, who have the facilities to harvest, do not want to take the risk of storing their products but want to sell their products as soon as they can. This has allowed the collection trader to become more dominant in fixing the price at the farmer's level. This in turn has kept the farmer from having market information or knowledge. Consequently, the farmer earns less for his product than the agent earns. This can be seen by the marginal income earned by every institution that participates in vegetable distribution at Kanreapia village.
 

3.3.4 Local Development Policy

South Sulawesi development policy has been implemented since Palaguna Governor took the office for the first time (i.e. Tri Program).
 

1. Tri program is a combination of three basic strategies:

• The changing of thought patterns is intended to improve the quality of human resources. The basic implementation is to change the patterns of attitude and thought of the officials and the community. It is essential for attitudes and thought patterns to change in order for the officials and the community development process.

 
• Regionalization of the community is stressed by the increase in community agricultural production which is implemented under basic principles of modern agriculture. This strategy is chosen as a basic strategy for local development since the low agricultural productivity of the South Sulawesi.

 
• Regionalization of the community is also introducing the development of some main commodities in some regencies such as Bosowa Sipilu, which includes Bone, Soppeng, Wajo, Sidrap, Pinrang and Luwu and Madutona which includes Mandar, Durin, Toraja and Karaeng Lompo and areas around Bawakaraeng and Lompobattang Mountains. The Bosowa Sipilu area is directed as the center for development of foot plants, particularly paddy. The Mandalu and Madutora area is directed as the center of development of cocoa and Arabica coffee. Karaeng Lompo which is located near Bawakaraeng and Lompobattang Mountain and includes some areas such as Gowa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Bulukumba and Sinjai. This area is directed to develop as the center of horticulture development (vegetables and fruit) and to supply local needs, particularly the capital of south Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang) and the inter-island as well.

 
• Harvesting, processing and selling is the third strategy and its goal is to increase the farmer's income. The farmers' income has traditionally been for picking and selling only. Another goal is to create processing centers of agricultural commodities in rural areas for the purpose of developing a cooperative spirit between the farmer and the businessman.

• Increasing of Production and Export Movement (Grateks)

Based on this Grateks concept, the considered superior candidate is the main commodity of South Sulawesi that has export prospects and/or import substitution and also other commodities, though not main commodities, that still have a good export prospect.
 

Criteria of choosing the Grateks considered superior commodities:

• The main commodity of South Sulawesi or the commodities that have a good export prospect.

 
• Development - the growth of product volume is guaranteed which is based on:
• -Cultivation has been dominated
• -Potential development still appears

 
• The commodities that are considered superior and have been identified as having export market or import market substitution can be seen in the table below:

 

3.3.5 Livestock and Poultry

Basically, the agricultural sector is developed to increase the amount of livestock production in order to improve the quality and quantity of public consumption, expectially to nurture public health. It is also hoped diversification of livestock will help increase the breeders and the farmers incomes.
 

The type of livestock bred in South Sulawesi is cows, dairy cows, buffaloes, horses, sheep and pigs. South Sulawesi citizens also breed several kinds of poultry such as domestic chicken, imported chicken and ducks.
 

Livestock/poultry population in South Sulawesi is increasing annually. To get a better general insight of the increase of the livestock/poultry population, see table 12.
 
 

Table 12 indicates that the cow cattle population in 1996 was 827,554, or up 1.58% to become 840,642 in 1997. Buffalos are decreasing (4.67%) and horses are down (11.18%). The increase of small cattle population (goats, sheep and pigs) is not very high but is fairly significant 1.65%, 4.8% and .24% consecutively.
 

Poultry (domestic chicken) is up .09%, import chicken up 17.02% and ducks up 0.08%.
 

Egg Production

Egg production in 1995 was 18,586 tons, 24,562 tons in 1996 and 24,700 tons in 1997. The spread of domestic egg production is nearly even in each regency, while that of ras egg is varied. Production of import chicken eggs in 1997 is largely found in Sidrap (9,590 tons), Wajo (2,064 tons), Pinrang (1,435 tons), and Gowa (1,411 tons). In other regencies, the production reaches an amount ranging from 26 tons to 666 tons.
 
 

3.3.6 Marketing System of Livestock

The marketing system is one main aspect that has relation with marketing decisions. Basically, this marketing aspect has a close relationship with marketing expansion. Therefore, broadening the marketing system can broaden the market of that product.

Next will be seen marketing distribution system of food plantation, horticulture, farm fishery and animal husbandry (ranch)
 

Farmer Consumer

Figure 7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

3.3.7 Forest Product

Timber Production

Timber production is divided into two components according to its sources. The timber that belongs to the industrialists who have the rights to control the forestry (HPH) and the non-HPH timber productin. The HPH timber is the timber resulted from a felling attempt within an HPH area. The non-HPH timber is the felling timber beyond and HPH area, commonly conducted by civilian using traditional felling devices. In Table 7, the timber production in South Sulawesi was 376,949 m³ (44.01%) and non-HPH timbers amounted to 211,062 m³ (55.99%). We can see from the figure that the timber production in South Sulawesi during the last couple of years has declined as much as 33.98% annually.
 

Non-Timber Production

Non-timber production in 1996 amounted to 9,830 tons, which bracketed rattan production amounted to 9,090 tons and resin production totaled 740 tons compared to the 1997 production figure. This is an increase of 10.31%. Rattan production is up10.98% and resin production is up 2.89%.
 
 

3.3.8 Quarry and Mineral Resources

The primary mining output that has been excavated in South Sulawesi is nickel and its production has fluctuated from 1993-1997. Table 15 shows the production and export value of nickel produced by South Sulawesi from 1993-1997. Table 15 shows the numbers of production of minerals in South Sulawesi in 1995.
 
 

Source: PT.INCO
 
 

Source: Regional Office of Department of Mining and Energy of South Sulawesi
 

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