Page

Contents i
 

List of Tables ii
 

List of Appendix vi
 

History 1
 

Physical Features 2
 

Climate 4
 

Topography and Soil System 6
 

Human Resources 6
 

Natural Resources 8
 

Aquatic Resources 9

Local Market 10
 

Inter-sulair 11
 

Export 11
 

References 71
 
 

No. Title Page
 

1 Area of Region in South Sulawesi 3
 

2 Type of Climate in South Sulawesi 5
 

3 Amount and Density of Population in South Sulawesi 7
 

4 The Increase of Fisheries Production in South Sulawesi 9
 

5 Fluctuate Production of Food Crops in South Sulawesi 12
 

6 Rice Production in South Sulawesi 13
 

7 Vegetable Production in South Sulawesi 16
 

8 Fruit Production in South Sulawesi 17
 

9 Farmer Plantation Production in South Sulawesi 18
 

10 Comparison of the Production of Small Plantation and

Large Plantation in South Sulawesi 19
 

11 Superior Commodities of Export Market or Import

Substitution in South Sulawesi 25
 

12 The Development of Livestock/Poultry in South Sulawesi 27
 

13 The Production of Eggs Per Regencies/Municipalities in

South Sulawesi 28
 

14 Timber Production in South Sulawesi 31
 

15 Production and Value of the Export in South Sulawesi 31
 

16 Production of Minerals in South Sulawesi 32
 

17 Number of Generally Stations, Installed Capacity and Rated

Capacity by Unit PLN Region VIII in South Sulawesi 33
 

18 The Number of Telephone Connections and the Utilization

Of Pulse in South Sulawesi 34

ii

No. Title Page
 

19 Number of Telephone Connections by Municipality 34
 

20 Number of Schools by Status in South Sulawesi 36
 

21 Household by Regency Municipality and Facilities of

Drinking Water in South Sulawesi 38
 

22 Prevalence of 100 in Indonesia 41
 

23 Prevalence of Nutritional Anemia in Indonesia in 1995 42
 

24 Prevalence of Xeropthalmia in Fifteen Province National

Survey in 1978 and 1992 43
 

25 Energy, Protein, and Fat Availability (capita/day) 44
 

26 Nutrient Consumption According to Income Level 44
 

27 Prevalence of PEM in Under-five Child Based on Province

South of Sulawesi 46
 

28 Population on Percentage of Urban Areas per Province

In Indonesia 51
 

29 Workforce by Type of Residence and Sex (1980-1996) 54
 

30 Labor Force participation by Type of Residence and Sex

(1980-1996) 55
 

31 Unemployment Rate Type of Residence and Sex (1980-1996) 56
 

32 Unemployment Rate by Level Education and Sex (1990-1996) 57
 

33 Distribution of Employed Population by Job Status and Sex

(1990-1996) 58
 

34 Distribution of Employment Population by Type of Work

And Sex (1980-1996) 59
 

35 Percentage Distribution of Employed Population in Informal

Sectors by Type of Residence, Sex, Formal/Informal Sectors 60
 

iii

No. Title Page
 

36 Percentage Distribution of Employed Population by Field of

Work and Sex (1980-1996) 60
 

37 Percentage of Population Who are Employed by

Working Hours and Sex (1986, 1975, 1990, 1996) 62
 

38 Farm Sectors Contribution in South of Sulawesi

(1994-1997) 63
 

39 List of Some Tourism Resorts in South of Sulawesi 64
 

40 The Number of Tourists in South of Sulawesi 66
 

41 Realization of Reforestation in South of Sulawesi 67
 
 

No. Title
 

1 Governance Organizational Structure of

South Sulawesi Province
 

2 List of Allocation of Assignment of Rubbish

Transportation Armada and Servicing Schedule
 

3 Percentage Potential of Rubbish Utilization
 

4 Prevalence of Total energy Deficiency at

South Sulawesi 1997-1998
 

5 Prevalence of PEM Acute and Chronic at

South Sulawesi
 

6 Political System in Indonesia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

v

• History

 

In 1945, the Sulawesi province was divided into two new provinces: 1) North and Central Sulawesi province and 2) South and Southeast Sulawesi province which is composed of eight districts i.e. Luwu, Mandar, Pare-Pare, Makassar, Cone, Bantaeng and Southeast Sulawesi province.
 

On December 17, 1957, provoked by some discontented parties in several districts in the two new provinces, the Indonesian government decided to reorganize the Sulawesi province and divided the province into four new provinces, namely:
 

• North Sulawesi province, with its capital, Manado
• Central Sulawesi province, with its capital, Palu
• South Sulawesi province, with its capital, Ujung Pandang
• Southeast Sulawesi province, with its capital, Kendari

 

• Ujung Pandang and its surroundings - the central development area in Ujung Pandang. The primary sectors in this area manufacture, trade and service.
• Pare-Pare and its surroundings - the central development areas are in the city of Pare- Pare. The primary sectors in this area are agriculture, agri-industry and trade.
• Bulukumba and its surroundings - the primary sectors in this area are agriculture, plantations, fishery, maritime industry, and tourism.
• Bone and its surroundings - the primary sectors in this area are agri-industry, plantation and fishery.
• Mamuju and its surroundings - the primary sectors in this area are agri-industry, plantation, and fishery.
• Luwu and its surroundings - the primary sectors in this area are agriculture, plantation, quarry, tourism and agri-industry.

• Physical Features

2.1 Climate

South Sulawesi has an equatorial climate. In the southern part of the peninsula, the climate is characterized by the alternation of trade winds. From late November to March, the winds blow from the west bringing heavy rain on the west coast in December and January and some rain also on the central plains just behind the mountains (Latimojong and Lompobattang), which vertically cleave from north to south of South Sulawesi. From April to October, they blow from the east, bringing relatively moderate rain on the eastern and central plains, with May and June being the wettest months.
 

The two sides of the peninsula (Western and Eastern parts) have alternating rainy seasons. This means that a poor harvest on one side may be partly compensated for a good harvest on the other side. The climate in South Sulawesi can be seen in table 2.
 
 

Source: The first class of climatology of Panakkukang
 

Based on the percentage of slope of the plains, flat land and steep sloping, one is 43% and 6% respectively of the total area found in the southern side, especially in Wajo, Bone, Barru, Soppeng, Sidrap, Pangkep, Bulukumba, Jeneponto and Takalar.
 

Hilly or mountainous plains, mostly located in the norther part such as Majene, Polmas, Tana Toraja, Pinrang and Mamuju.
 

According to a survey report issued by Lembaga Penelitian Tanah in Bogor, soils in South Sulawesi can be grouped as follows:
 

• Podsolih soil is generally found in the northern part of South Sulawesi in Tana Toraja, Enrekang, partly Luwu, Wajo, Sidrap, Polmas and Mamuju.

 
• Alluvial and gley soils are found in Pinrang, Wajo, Sidrap, Bone, Luwu, Pangkep, Gowa, Maros, Barru and Polmas

 
• Mediterran soil is mostly found in the southern pat of South Sulawesi in Gowa, Sinjai, Bulukumba, Maros Bone and Luwu

 
• Latosol soil is found in bone, Maros, Barru, Pangkep, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Bulukumba, Majene and Mamuju.

 

• Human Resources

Table 3 shows that the population density in southern areas of South Sulawesi province (e.g. in the districts of Jeneponto, Sinjai, Bulukumba, Bantaeng and Takalar) is higher than that of the northern areas. The lowest population density in the northern areas are Bantaeng and Luwu districts.
 

3. Natural Resources

3.1 Aquatic Resources

Fisheries in South Sulawesi consist of marine and fresh components. The marine varieties captured in this area are generally in water in excess of 200 meters depth. Along the west coast of South Sulawesi, the continental shelf is extremely narrow except in the west and south off Unjungpandang, where extensive coral formation and other relatively shallow waters are located in parts of Bone Bay and around the islands at the southern extremity of South Sulawesi. Despite the limited extent of shallow waters which usually is associated with productive fishing grounds, production on this costal area was 262,831 in 1997.
 

Of the 18 regencies which yield marine fisheries, it is very obvious that marine fisheries are distributed almost evenly. There are five regencies that produce marine fisheries of more than 20,000 tons. They are Luwu ( 28,535 tons), Takalar ( 25,059 tons), Bone (24,905 tons), Sinjai (21,974 tons), and Polmas (21,726 tons). Regencies that crop 10 to 15 tons are Pinrang, Mamuju, Maros, Pangkep, Jeneponto, Majene, Ujung Pandang, and Barru. Other regencies produce 10,000 tons or less.
 
 

Marine Fisheries

The marine resources exploited are:

• Small pelagic: Indo-Pacific mackerel, Scads, Indian Oil Sardinella, Fringerscale Sardinella, Anchovies, Spotted Spanish Mackerel, Flying Fish
• Large pelagic: Ecosterm little tuna, Skip-jack tuna, bigeye tuna, blue-fin tuna
• Demersal: red snappers, goat fishes, thread fin breams, sharp-toothed bass, groupers,
• Mollusks and sea cucumber: common squids, cuttle fishes, and sea cucumber
• Prawn: Banana prawn, common shrimps
• Seaweed: Euchema, gracillaria, and glidium

 

Freshwater fish production is coming from general water (lake, river, and brakish) and from fish cultivation (plus salt water and rice field ponds). General waters can be found in 11 regencies and fish cultivation can be found in almost all of the 23 regencies/municipalities.
 

Freshwater fisheries production is coming from general waters in 1997. Most of them are from Wajo (12,120 tins), Soppeng (3,390 tons), Sidrap (1,799 tons), while other regencies are below one ton.
 

Fish cultivation is mostly found in Pinrang (16,642 tons), Maroc (14,264 tons), and Pangkep (8,571 tons). While other regencies, including Enrekang and Pare-Pare, produced fish cultivation below 8,000 tons. There are approximately 96,357 fish farmers engaged in the cultivating process.
 

4.2 Marketing System
 

4.2.1 Local Market

The marketing system for fish handled through private merchants (ponggawa) have become well established over a period of many years. Most of the fish is sold by private contract.
 

Private merchants usually own the fishing vessels or may have a tied agreement with fishermen whereby the merchant (collector) provides financial and other assistance in return for purchasing right to the catch.
 

The marketing system is fairly complex with fish sometimes changing ownership several times as it passes between collectors, consignors, dealers, wholesalers, grocers, retailers.
 
 
 

Papalele Grocers/

Perantara
 

Wholesaler

Grocers (Pabololang)

Retailer
 

Grocers are a common feature of fish marketing in Indonesia and perform the function of middlemen (ponggawa) who buy fish from grocers or wholesalers for sale to retailers at a single retail market. There may be several grocers operating in the larger retail markets and grocers may also be operating as retailers.
 

4.2.2 Intersulair

The distribution of fresh fish in Indonesia is generally inhibited by the geographic spread of archipelago and the location of the major fish production areas in relation to the concentrations of population. Usually these fresh fish, salted, boiled and dried, are sold to Java and East Timor.
 

4.2.3 Export

Most fish exported from south Sulawesi to Europe, United States, Japan, Singapore, Hong King, Taiwan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Thailand, France, Spain, Denmark, Holland, United Kingdom, Germany and Belgiu.
 

Commodities exported are frozen tiger prawns, frozen squid, frozen groupers, frozen skipjack, sea cucumber, finfish shark, seaweed, snappers.
 

4.3 Terrestrial Resources
 

4.3.1 Agricultural Crops

The agricultural plants cultivated in South Sulawesi are rice, corn, cassava, sweet potato plant, peanut, soybean, and green peas. Production and productivity of these plants fluctuate and are varied as shown in table 5.
 
 

Source: Department of Agriculture Plants
 

Table 5 shows that rice production in South Sulawesi in 1997 reached 3,728,336 tons. This figure indicates the slope of 279,891 tons or 6.98% when compared to dry rice production in 1996 which was 4,008,227 tons. The largest producer of dried rice is Luwu regency, with a total production of 547,469 tons or 14.68% of the total production of rice in South Sulawesi. The second largest producers are Bone and Wajo regencies with total production of 535,119 tons (14.36%) in Bone and 400,459 tons (10.74%) in Wajo. The lowest production was in Pare-Pare (3,110 tons,0.8%) and Selayar (3,387 tons, .09%).
 

There was a decrease of 6.52% in rice production in 1997. This was caused by the decrease of the harvest area from 841,006 ha in 1996 to 786,213 ha in 1997 (6.7%). An elongated dry season in 1997 also caused a decrease in productivity (outcome per hectare) of 0 .5% .
 
 

Dry field production in South Sulawesi in 1997 amounted to 41,114 tons or 1.09% of the total rice production in South Sulawesi. When compared to the total production in 1996 which was 43,451 tons, there was a decrease in production in 1997. The decrease amounted to 2,837 tons or 6.45%. This was caused by the reduction in productivity from 23.14 quintal hectares in 1996 to 22.50 quintal hectares in 1997 (2.77%) and by an elongated dry season and the attack of plant diseases.
 

Corn production in south Sulawesi in 1997 reached 872,070 tons of dried corn. When compared to the 1996 production figure of 842,332 tons, there was an increase of 29,738 tons or 13.53%. This increase was caused by the rise in production amounting to 9.49% (from 24.98 quintal in 1996 to 27 quintal in 1997).
 

Cassava is one of the staple foods consumed as a carbohydrate supplement along with rice and corn. In 1997, cassava production in South Sulawesi reached 625,824 tons of wet cassava. The increase of cassava production in South Sulawesi fluctuates also due to the decrease in harvest area and the elongated dry season and the attack of plant diseases.
 

Peanut production in 1997 in South Sulawesi was 41,256 tons, a decrease compared to the 1996 production figure of 62,977 tons. There was a decrease in harvest fields from 54,231 ha in 1996 to 34,914 in 1997 (35.62%). Productivity has improved by approximately 1.81%.
 

Most of this total production is contributed by the Bone regency (8,415 tons or 20.40%) and Bulukumba regency (8.406 tons or 20.38%). The remaining figures are spread over other regencies, with their combined production total of less than 9.23%.
 

The total production of soybeans in 1997 was 50,111 tons which was an increase of 2,416 tons (5.06%) compared to 1996. In 1996, the total production of this commodity was 47,695 tons. An extended harvest of 3,311 ha (9.62%) soybean fields was included, but the productivity of soybeans in 1997 was down significantly.
 

The production of beans in South Sulawesi in 1997 reached 40,885 tons. When compared to the 1996 production figure of 66,023, a decrease of 25,142 tons (38.08%) is seen. This was caused by a drastic decrease in soybean fields since 1995.
 

4.3.2 Horticulture Crops

Vegetable and Fruit Production

Other agricultural commodities cultivated in South Sulawesi are vegetables and fruits that are classified into horticultural plant groups.
 

Vegetable Production

In addition to rice and palawija crops, farmers in South Sulawesi also cultivate vegetables of all kinds in order to fulfill the peoples' need for healthy foods. However, there are only 19 kinds of potentially cultivatable vegetable plants, and they can have a quite significant quantity of production. Table 7 has listed ten kinds of vegetable plants and their size of production from 1996-1997 in tons.
 
 

From this data, you can see that the total production of vegetables in South Sulawesi in 1997 was 232,096 tons, a decrease of 163,996 tons (41.4%) from the 1996 total production of 369,092 tons. Commodities which experienced a drastic drop were cabbage (78.18%), garlic (77.21%), leek (69.36%), red peas (62.08%), and other (40%). Commodities experiencing an increase in production are carrots (54.98%), green beans (46.17%) and onions (10.54%).
 

Fruit Production

South Sulawesi peasants cultivate fruit for commercial and/or personal consumption. Table 8 introduces 19 varieties of fruit and the production figures for 1996 and 1997.
 
 

Plantation

The plantation sector is one sub-sector that contributes a great amount of reserves for our country besides oil and natural gas. Several commodities such as coffee, rubber, clove, palm oil and coca have exported commodities (in ton) from 1995-1997.
 
 

Other Plantations

In addition to the prescribed plantation sectors mentioned above, there are still other plantations cultivated by local farmers (small plantations) and estate plantations (large plantations. in South Sulawesi. These plantations produce rosella, tea, sugar-palm, siwalan, almonds, ginger and areca-palm. Table 10 shows the comparison between small plantations and large plantations.
 
 

4.3.3 Market and Retailing of Horticultural Products

There is a large potential for horticultural products, especially vegetables, in Tinggi Moncong sub district. In this area there are some kinds of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, red beans, garlic, onions, lettuce and potato, which have been marketed not only in that sub district but also in Ujung Pandang,the capital of South Sulawesi and inter-island to Kalimantan. The technical aspects of marketing is still conventional and therefore cannot maximize the income of the people.
 

Distribution is one aspect of marketing that emphasizes how products can be easily received by consumers. The distribution process can be efficient if it can get the product to the consumer at the cheapest price and distribute the proceeds fairly to all those involved in the producing and distributing system.
 

There are three vegetable distributors who have an important role in the distribution system. They are the farmer/producer, agent and consumer. The farmer is the person who has a direct relation with the process of vegetable production. The consumer is the last purchaser of the vegetable product and the agent is an entrepreneur who is the distributor of the vegetable product.

The agent who is involved directly in vegetable distribution at Kanreapia village is:
 

• Collection Trader - an institutional agent who purchases vegetables directly from the farmer/producer then distributes the product to a retailer in the public market, supermarket or a traveling trader.

 
• Retailer functions as an institution that has direct connection to the consumer. Generally, the retailer sells vegetables in less quantity than the collection trader.

 

It can be seen in Figure 5 above that vegetable distribution from farmer to consumer is indirect because there are two agents, the collection trader and the retailer. The Marketing institution (farmer and agent) have separate activities, therefore the benefit of ownership from this marketing activity is divided between farmer and agent.

Basically, the vegetable farmers at Kanreapia village have not been oriented to an agri-business system. It can be seen that the farmers, who have the facilities to harvest, do not want to take the risk of storing their products but want to sell their products as soon as they can. This has allowed the collection trader to become more dominant in fixing the price at the farmer's level. This in turn has kept the farmer from having market information or knowledge. Consequently, the farmer earns less for his product than the agent earns. This can be seen by the marginal income earned by every institution that participates in vegetable distribution at Kanreapia village.
 

4.3.4 Local Development Policy

South Sulawesi development policy has been implemented since Palaguna Governor took the office for the first time (i.e. Tri Program).
 

1. Tri program is a combination of three basic strategies:

• The changing of thought patterns is intended to improve the quality of human resources. The basic implementation is to change the patterns of attitude and thought of the officials and the community. It is essential for attitudes and thought patterns to change in order for the officials and the community development process.

 
• Regionalization of the community is stressed by the increase in community agricultural production which is implemented under basic principles of modern agriculture. This strategy is chosen as a basic strategy for local development since the low agricultural productivity of the South Sulawesi.

 
• Regionalization of the community is also introducing the development of some main commodities in some regencies such as Bosowa Sipilu, which includes Bone, Soppeng, Wajo, Sidrap, Pinrang and Luwu and Madutona which includes Mandar, Durin, Toraja and Karaeng Lompo and areas around Bawakaraeng and Lompobattang Mountains. The Bosowa Sipilu area is directed as the center for development of foot plants, particularly paddy. The Mandalu and Madutora area is directed as the center of development of cocoa and Arabica coffee. Karaeng Lompo which is located near Bawakaraeng and Lompobattang Mountain and includes some areas such as Gowa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Bulukumba and Sinjai. This area is directed to develop as the center of horticulture development (vegetables and fruit) and to supply local needs, particularly the capital of south Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang) and the inter-island as well.

 
• Harvesting, processing and selling is the third strategy and its goal is to increase the farmer's income. The farmers' income has traditionally been for picking and selling only. Another goal is to create processing centers of agricultural commodities in rural areas for the purpose of developing a cooperative spirit between the farmer and the businessman.

• Increasing of Production and Export Movement (Grateks)

Based on this Grateks concept, the considered superior candidate is the main commodity of South Sulawesi that has export prospects and/or import substitution and also other commodities, though not main commodities, that still have a good export prospect.
 

Criteria of choosing the Grateks considered superior commodities:

• The main commodity of South Sulawesi or the commodities that have a good export prospect.

 
• Development - the growth of product volume is guaranteed which is based on:
• -Cultivation has been dominated
• -Potential development still appears

 
• The commodities that are considered superior and have been identified as having export market or import market substitution can be seen in the table below:

 

4.3.5 Livestock and Poultry

Basically, the agricultural sector is developed to increase the amount of livestock production in order to improve the quality and quantity of public consumption, expectially to nurture public health. It is also hoped diversification of livestock will help increase the breeders and the farmers incomes.
 

The type of livestock bred in South Sulawesi is cows, dairy cows, buffaloes, horses, sheep and pigs. South Sulawesi citizens also breed several kinds of poultry such as domestic chicken, imported chicken and ducks.
 

Livestock/poultry population in South Sulawesi is increasing annually. To get a better general insight of the increase of the livestock/poultry population, see table 12.
 
 

Table 12 indicates that the cow cattle population in 1996 was 827,554, or up 1.58% to become 840,642 in 1997. Buffalos are decreasing (4.67%) and horses are down (11.18%). The increase of small cattle population (goats, sheep and pigs) is not very high but is fairly significant 1.65%, 4.8% and .24% consecutively.
 

Poultry (domestic chicken) is up .09%, import chicken up 17.02% and ducks up 0.08%.
 

Egg Production

Egg production in 1995 was 18,586 tons, 24,562 tons in 1996 and 24,700 tons in 1997. The spread of domestic egg production is nearly even in each regency, while that of ras egg is varied. Production of import chicken eggs in 1997 is largely found in Sidrap (9,590 tons), Wajo (2,064 tons), Pinrang (1,435 tons), and Gowa (1,411 tons). In other regencies, the production reaches an amount ranging from 26 tons to 666 tons.
 
 

4.3.6 Marketing System of Livestock

The marketing system is one main aspect that has relation with marketing decisions. Basically, this marketing aspect has a close relationship with marketing expansion. Therefore, broadening the marketing system can broaden the market of that product.

Next will be seen marketing distribution system of food plantation, horticulture, farm fishery and animal husbandry (ranch)
 

Farmer Consumer

Figure 7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

4.3.7 Forest Product

Timber Production

Timber production is divided into two components according to its sources. The timber that belongs to the industrialists who have the rights to control the forestry (HPH) and the non-HPH timber productin. The HPH timber is the timber resulted from a felling attempt within an HPH area. The non-HPH timber is the felling timber beyond and HPH area, commonly conducted by civilian using traditional felling devices. In Table 7, the timber production in South Sulawesi was 376,949 m³ (44.01%) and non-HPH timbers amounted to 211,062 m³ (55.99%). We can see from the figure that the timber production in South Sulawesi during the last couple of years has declined as much as 33.98% annually.
 

Non-Timber Production

Non-timber production in 1996 amounted to 9,830 tons, which bracketed rattan production amounted to 9,090 tons and resin production totaled 740 tons compared to the 1997 production figure. This is an increase of 10.31%. Rattan production is up10.98% and resin production is up 2.89%.
 
 

4.3.8 Quarry and Mineral Resources

The primary mining output that has been excavated in South Sulawesi is nickel and its production has fluctuated from 1993-1997. Table 15 shows the production and export value of nickel produced by South Sulawesi from 1993-1997. Table 15 shows the numbers of production of minerals in South Sulawesi in 1995.
 
 

Source: PT.INCO
 
 

Source: Regional Office of Department of Mining and Energy of South Sulawesi
 
 
 

• Utilities and Infrastructures

State enterprise electricity provides electricity in the province of South Sulawesi. All regencies (=90%) are served by electricity distributed by this state enterprise.
 
 

Other sources of energy and fuel on the island include firewood, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
 

5.2 Communication Services and Facilities

Communication facilities are adequate in South Sulawesi. They include government telephone, connection of telex, telegraph office, thousands of privately owned telephones (wartel), fax facilities, radio and TV distributed among municipalities.
 

Since 1993 telephone utilization has been improving rapidly. This can be seen by the number of telephone connections. Pulse utilization has been increasing from 1993-1997.
 
 

The number of telephone main connections based on regency can be seen in table 19 below.
 
 

Source: Division Office Region VII Ujung Pandang
 

5.3 Educational Facilities

The province of South Sulawesi has 2131 elementary schools, 7952 primary schools, 2234 junior high schools, 722 senior high schools, 40 universities, 1 Islamic Institute, 10 colleges and 2 bible colleges. The number of schools, by status, can be seen in table 20.
 
 

In addition to formal education, government as well as non government agencies such as the department of trade and industry and department of agriculture, non formal education consists of skill training in backyard gardening, nursing, handicraft making, language, banking and maritime training college.
 

5.4 Health Facilities

There are 26 general hospitals, 11 private general hospitals, 6 military hospitals, and 8 special private hospitals. A general hospital is located in every municipality capital. There are also 339 public health centers, 1067 public health sub-centers and 8384 integrated service posts (Posyandu). Usually the integrated service post is located in the village and the public health sub-center provides health services to the remote areas.
 

5.5 Transportation Facilities

The government owns and operates one international airport (Hasanuddin Airport in Ujung Pandang), and three domestic airports (Tana Toraja, Soroako, ). There are 20 ports in South Sulawesi.
 

The 28 municipalities and 195 districts within the province are accessible by land transport. There are more than 20 island districts that can be reached only by ferry and pump boats. The available land transportation facilities consist of 68020 public utility, 50996 passenger gens (taxis), 53505 trucks, 106774 motorcycles and 130968 tricycles (becak) traffic office of police region of South Sulawesi, 1995.
 

5.6 Water Supply

Most of the people of South Sulawesi use drinking water from well covered pipes, followed by uncovered pipes. Only a small number of people use pump waters. The water supply in the province can be seen in table 21.
 
 

Resource: National Social Economic survey in South Sulawesi
 
 
 

• Health and Nutrition

This economic crisis increases the price of foodstuff and medicine, and also increases unemployment. All of this impacts food availability which in turn impacts family health and nutrution. This particularly effects babies, children, pregnant and lactating mothers, which is the source of future human resources. It is time to find an alternative to overcome this situation and empower the community to provide food, improved health facilities, health care insurance and human development.
 

The concept of human development has assumed center stage in a number of world summits and global references. The Rio Declaration (1992) proclaimed that all human beings are the center of concern for sustainable development, they are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. It emphasized that the developmental and future generations must be met equitably. The Rio declaration called for establishing a new and equitable global partnership through cooperation, and proposed to work towards global agreements on sustainable development.
 

Main Nutrition Problems in Indonesia
 

• Protein and Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Figure 8 shows the trend of both total PEM and MS-PEM in these three years. Reduction of total PEM from 1989 to 1995 could be quantified with 4.4% per year. Similar analysis showed that reduction in the prevalence of MS-PEM in Repelita VI (at lease 5%) needs great attention with specific interventions.
 

• Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)

Recently , mapping surveys have been conducted in 6 provinces (West Java and Central Java, Di Yogyakarta, East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Irian Jaya). The results showed that two provinces, Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara, were severe IDD areas with TGR (total goiter rate) greater than 33% and one province, Irian Jaya was a milk IDD area. The other provinces had prevalence less than 1%. In fact, two provinces (Central Java and West Java) were non-IDD areas (less than 5%). This means that significant reductions have been seen in some provinces but some provinces showed an increase (Arhya kdd. 1996; Djumadias dkk 1996a and 1996b; Pinantih dkk. 1996; Suharjo dkk. 1996; and Thaha dkk, 1996).
 
 

• Nutritional Anemia

Source: BPS 1995

• Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)

• Food Consumption Problem .⁽¹⁾

Source: Kodyat, 1997

Source: BPS 1990: CBS 1994
 
 

Source: CBS 1994
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

However, the availability of macro nutrient differs significantly in income groups. As seen in table 23, energy consumption was the lowest income (1.392 kcal/day). In other words, families with incomes below Rp. 8,000, consume only 65% of energy recommended. Energy consumption relates directly with income. It was also seen that people with an income over Rp. 150,000 consumed more than the recommended energy (108%). Furthermore, disparity of protein and fat consumption income groups was much bigger. Compared to the recommendation, percentages of proein and energy from fat in groups below Rp. 8,000 /month were 196% and 35% respectively for protein and energy from fat (CBS, 1994).

Source: Center of Statistical Bureau, South Sulawesi 1996

MS-PEM: Moderate to severe PEM Severe: < 60% W/A WHO-NCHS

Moderate: 60-69.9% W/A WHO-NCHS Good: 80-89% W/A WHO-NCHS

Mild: 70-79.9% W/A WHO-NCHS Over: >120% W/A WHO-NCHS
 
 
 

Besides differences between income groups and macro nutrient consumption, the discrepancy of consumption in the same income group was also seen in those who have income fluctuations. Income fluctuations co-related linerarly with food expenditure. This association was highly seen in families below poor levels (Thaha, 1995).
 

• Political Structure

Since 1945, there have been three administrators. The first president of Indonesia was Soekarno from 1945-1966. At that time, there were two democratic systems that implemented. ie liberal democracy and terpimpin democracy. During the first liberal democracy, the people had the opportunity to create political parties. The 1955 general election was the event of democratization as it was followed by many parties. The latter, was the implementation of the authoritarial rule since the policy of the country just taken by the president.
 

The second was called the new order from 1967-1998 and was led by former president Soeharto. Under his regime, democracy was implemented under the frame of state ideology or Pancasila. There were three separate powers which were legislative, executive and judicative, but the real power was kept by the president.
 

With the back up of the military, and "Golfkar" as the ruling party, the president maintained his patron-client relationships. Although there were two other parties, they had no influence or power. The power just accumulated in the hands of the president. Therefore, Jakarta, as the capital of the country, was the center of the power, as well as the economic life. The administrative system is centralized in Jakarta and the local governments just to the small things. The impact of centralizing power was corruption, collusion, and nepotism, until Soeharto regime was pushed out by the people's power in May 1998.
 

The third stage was the reformation era, in which people tried to implement real democracy. Indications of democracy was the emerging of freedom of speech, freedom of press and freedom of expression. The party has established a multi-party system which will run in the general election in June 1999.
 

• Social Economics

The amount of Indonesian population still shows rapid increase every year. In 1971 the population amounted to 118 million people. Based on the two census taken in 1980 and 1990, the amount has increased respectively to 147 million and 164 million people. The population survey inter-census in 1994 recorded the figure reaching 195 million people.
 

This fact has been supported by the population growth rate which has been declining for years. In the period of 1971 to 1980 for instance, the growth rate per year was 2.32% and has been declining 1.77% per year during the period of 1985-1990 (Atatas. 1993). The Democracy Bureau of the Faculty of Economics of Indonesian University has projected that the growth rate of Indonesian population will continue to decline and reach 1.23% in the year 2000-2005 and even predicted to be .56% in the year 2020-2025 (Ananta, 1995).
 

Despite the continued decline of the population growth, with a significantly large number of population, the growth remains significantly large also. With the prediction of 1.23% growth in the future, beginning in the 21^st century, the Indonesian population will increase above 2 million per year.
 

One of the prime causes of population decline in Indonesia is the decrease of the fertility rate. International migration, which is considered to be one cause, has very little influence to the enormous number of population thirty years ago (1967-1970). The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Indonesia was 5.6 which means, in that period of years, every fertile women can give birth to 5 to 6 children. Population census in 1990 recorded that TFR for the period of 1986-1989 was 3.3 and the figure wend down significantly to 2.9 in 1994 based on the Health and Demography Survey (SDKI).
 

Several of the factors contributing to the decrease of the fertility rate include better birth control through family planning, the lateness of first marriages which is supported by improvement of education quality and economic conditions

including people's health. The average age for an Indonesian woman to get married has increased from 17.2 for age group of 45-49 and 19.2 for women aged 25-29. Generally, first marriages increased from 17.7 in 1991 to 18.1 in 1994 (SDKI), 1994). Meanwhile, the number of population receiving modern health services has shown an increase. This increase implies a drop in the maternal death rate as well as a drop in infant and child mortality rates. This is still considered to be high compared to other countries. Thus, the life expectancy in Indonesia has shown an increase. In 1990-1995 life expectancy for an Indonesian male has grown to 61.29 years and 65.36 for women.
 

8.2 Population Density

Indonesian population density in 1990 was 93 people/km². In the year 2020, the figure is projected to reach 132 people/ km² (Ananta, 1995)
 

Indonesia, as an archipelago country, has an extremely unbalanced distribution of population density if we refer to the area of inhabitants. Until 1990, Java island remained as an island with the highest density of population, which was 813 people / km². Other important islands have population densities as follows: Sumatera - 77 people / km²; Kalimantan 17 people / km²; Bali+NTT+NTB+ East Timor 115 people / km²; Sulawesi 66 people / km²; Maluki + Irian Jaya 7 people / km². It is generally concluded that the areas with dense populations are Java and the Western part of Indonesia. The islands in Eastern Indonesia, particularly Irian Jaya, have very small population density. For a couple of years in the future, this pattern of population density distribution will not change significantly. The economic crisis which happened at the end of the 20^th century has contributed more problems to the governments efforts of distributing people from the densely populated areas to the less densely populated ones.
 

8.3 Spatial Distribution of Population

As mentioned earlier, the Indonesian population distribution is extremely geographically imbalanced. Maluku and Irian for instance, with an area of 26% of the total land in Indonesia is inhabited by only 2% of the population whereas Java, with an area of 6.9% of the Indonesian land is inhabited by 60% of the population. In this very populated area land, for housing and for agriculture, has become scarce. In areas that are less densely populated, unproductive land can be found widely.
 

Efforts have been made to distribute the population more evenly through a transmigration program as well as encouraging the people to migrate spontaneously. Economic growth in particular areas in the past several decades has attracted more people to migrate to those areas. Riau and East Kalimantan province, with their rapid economic growth due to the natural oil industry has become a major destination of spontaneous migration.
 

In terms of emigration in particular, provinces with dense population in Java indeed has been a major destination of migrants from other parts of Indonesia for a long time. Of the 27 provinces in Indonesia, population census data in 1990 showed the highest migration rate from the province of Central Java, Special District of Jakarta, and East Java respectively, with figures of 22.08% of 18.92% and 12.33% of total immigration out from an area. This can balance the migration into these provinces which also remains high.
 

Migration rate to provinces in Java is mainly caused by the centralization of non- agricultural sector development. DKI Jakarta for instance, has been the center of investment and economic growth. Geographically, it can no longer accommodate the existing development. Hence, its various economic activities spread over to its suburban areas, some of which are part of West Java, which is the highest migration destination in Indonesia and made the migration rate netto risen highest currently. Apart from distribution of provincial area, Indonesian population area is also interesting to view based on the relationship of rural to urban. From year to year, an increasing trend can be observed on the additional proportion of people living in cities. In 1980, the population proportion who lived in new urban areas was 22.27%. Ten years later (1990) this rate had changed to 30.90% and continued to increase to 35.91% i 1995. Complete data on urban population percentage per province in Indonesia can be seen in Table 28 below.

Source: Center of Statistical Bureau, South Sulawesi
 
 
 

Out of DKI, Supas data (1995) gave figures that there were two provinces with urban population exceeding 50%. They were Special District of Jakarta (58.05%) and East Kalimantan (50.22%). D.I. Yogyakarta has apparently for the last 20 years shown an interesting increase in the urban population. For quite some time, this city has been popular as a student city which provides various choices of educational institutions and is supported by a relatively cheap cost of living. The tourism sector has also developed rapidly. Whereas in East Kalimantan province, the rapid economic growth is very much supported by the timber industry, natural liquid and gas resources as well as the gold mining industry, with plenty of job opportunities. These factors mentioned are responsible for attracting more people to these two areas.
 

• Gender Issues in Indonesia: General Overview

The inequality, attitudes and treatment towards women is seen in the public sphere. Most men do not show their willingness to take measures perform and operate governmental policies and national guidelines, strategies and plans for the achievement of equality in all aspects of society, including the promotion of literacy, education, training, nutrition, health and participation in key decision making, position and management of the environment, particularly in the informal sector. Most men do not take measures toward ensuring women's access to property rights as well as agricultural inputs and implements.
 

In the education system, it is a fact that there is no proper curricula and other educational materials with a view to promoting the dissemination of knowledge to both men and women. This could be used as a tool to help develop their nation and evaluation of women's roles through training institutions in collaboration with non-government organizations.
 

Women and Work

Workforce

Emancipation of women is evident in various areas of life although, since the beginning of the second long-term development plan (PJP II), equal partnerships between men and women are a continuing struggle in the effort to increase women's roles in development. The problem now is whether persons have equal status in the workplace. While it is clear that many women have entered the areas of the work world which have generally been male-dominated (for example as airplane pilots or working in mechanical repair workshops), can it be said that these women have reached equality with men?
 

From 1990 to 1996, the total proportion of women who are employed is still much lower than that of men (almost half), although there is an increase each year. Table 26 shows that women in the workforce in 1980 was 17.2 million, while men in the workforce reached 35 million. In 1996 the number of women in the workforce reached 34.8 million and the number of men 55.3 million.
 
 

Source: 1. Compiled from CBS, (1983, page: 169-177)

2. Compiled from CBS, (1983, page: 259-267)

3. Compiled from National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), 1996.
 

It should be noted that, of the rise in the total number of women workers from year to year is much higher than the rate of the rise among men, both in urban and rural areas. However, the rise in the total number of women workers in urban areas was much faster than in rural areas. This, of course, must be viewed in the context of the relatively high rate of growth of the urban population.
 

Labor Force Participation Rate

One of the indicators showing the size of active participation of women in economical life is the level of labor force participation rate (TPAK) of women. In 1980, this was less than half that for men (68% compared to 32.4% - see Table B6.2), and in 1996 the level for women was more than half that for men (72% compared to 45%).
 

As with the total numbers of women in the labor force, the level of workforce participation for women also increases much faster year by year than men's both in urban and rural areas. This shows that at this time of rapid development, there is a definite trend for women to increase their active participation in economical life.
 
 

Source: 1. Compiled from CBS, (1983, page: 169-177)

2. Compiled from CBS, (1983, page: 259-267)

3. Compiled from National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), 1996.
 

The competition to enter the job market increased among people of higher education levels. This is evidenced by the existence of an increasing unemployment rate among those with higher education, in both urban and rural areas (Table 28).

Source: 1. Compiled from CBS, (1983, page: 169-177)

2. Compiled from CBS, (1983, page: 259-267)

3. Compiled from National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), 1996.
 

Based on the National Labor-force Survey (Sakernas) in 1996, the level of educated unemployment in Indonesia had almost reached 12%. It should be noted that the number of women who are counted among the educated unemployed is much higher than the number of men (almost 3 times as many). The rise in the proportion of educated women who are unemployed has risen much faster than men between 1990 to 1996 (see Table 29).
 
 

 
 

Level of Education and Sex	1980	1990	1996
<Middle School Women Men W + M	2.0  11 1.4	2.3  1.6 1.8	2.2  1.8 2.0
Middle School Women Men W + M	4.5  2.5 2.8	7.7  4.2 5.1	10.3  5.3 6.8
High School  Women Men W + M	5.7  3.6 4.1	13.5  7.6 5.1	19.1  10.8 13.5
> High School Women Men W + M	3.8  1.3 1.8	10.2  5.2 6.7	19.1  7.9 11.8